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Kremlin

Kremlin
The Kremlin
As a result of the intensive construction work on the Kremlin, Moscow came to be known as the "white-stone city". Construction was carried on against the background of struggles with the Golden Horde, Lithuania and rivalry with Tver. Before long the new Kremlin successfully repulsed attacks of the armies of Grand Prince Olgerd of Lithuania (in 1368 and 1370). True, in 1380-1382 Khan Tokhtamysh attacked Moscow and with a ruse broke into the Kremlin; but the citadel, and the rest of the city, was soon rebuilt. By the end of the 14th century, the Kremlin was tightly packed with various structures. The whole of its grounds was covered with churches, monasteries and manors of the Grand Prince's retainers, top military men and rich merchants.

The 15th century was marked by further growth of Moscow's political and military might. By the end of the 15th century, the unification of the Russian feudal principalities under the authority of Moscow was, in the main, completed. A single Russian state had been formed. Grand Prince Ivan Ill of Moscow became the Grand Prince of All Russia.
Kremlin
The Kremlin
Ivan Ill launched reconstruction of the Kremlin on a grand scale, having invited a number of noted master builders from Italy for the purpose. At the time, Italian builders were recognized as the best in Europe. And, so, alongside builders from Pskov, Novgorod and Vladimir who had come to the capital on the orders of the Grand Prince to take part in the construction of the city, the Italian architect and military engineer Aristotile Fioravanti arrived in Moscow together with his son Andrea and his apprentice Pietro.

The new Cathedral of the Dormition (1475-1479) was the first to be built. In 1484-1489, the festive Cathedral of the Annunciation was erected next to it. Subsequently, in 1505-1508, they were joined by the Cathedral of the Archangel. This is how the remarkable ensemble of Cathedral Square; the oldest square in Moscow, with its three cathedrals and the snow white Bell Tower of Ivan the Great took shape. Still another adornment of the square is the Palace of Facets, the formal reception room of the Grand Prince's palace. This was built by Perco Ruffo (Fryazin) and Pietro Antonio Solari (Pyotr Fryazin) from 1487 to 1491. At the turn of the 16th century, the Kremlin was practically completely renovated; at the time, new Kremlin walls were built in parallel with the construction of the palace and the cathedrals. For a whole decade, starting from 1485, the dilapidated white-stone walls and towers were gradually pulled down and replaced with new ones. The construction work was supervised by Italian architects.
The new Cathedral of the Dormition
The new Cathedral of the Dormition
It was then that the Kremlin acquired its present-day outlines.

The fortress walls, forming an irregular triangle, are 2,235 m long, from 3.5 to 6.5 m thick and from 5 to 19 m high. Atop the walls stand 1,045 bifurcated merlons, from 2 to 2.5 meters in height and fitted with narrow embrasures. Behind the merlons and running inside the wall is a combat platform from 2 to 4 meters wide. Along the east Kremlin wall facing what is now the Red Square moat, 12 m deep and 32 m wide, which was dug and filled with water. On its northwest side Borovitsky Hill was protected by the Neglinnaya River and on its south side, by the Moskva River. Thus, the Kremlin fortress was surrounded by water on all sides like an island and could be entered only by way of drawbridges. The Kremlin was a superb example of the fortification art of the period.



  More information about Moscow:   [ The Kremlin ] [ The Red Square Mausoleum ] [ The Tretyakov Gallery ] [ G.U.M. ] [ Bolshoi Imperial Theatre ] [ The Novodevichy Convent ]

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Des Relations à Long Terme qui Durent

En réponse à une demande du Congrès américain il y a plusieurs années, le U.S. Le ministère de la Justice a publié un rapport relatif aux questions d'immigration et de mariage international qui indiquait "il semblerait" que les mariages entre citoyens américains et étrangers "auraient tendre à durer plus longtemps" que celle des mariages domestiques dans leur ensemble. C'est une manière subtile de dire que les données reflètent que les mariages entre personnes de pays et de cultures différents dans les États-Unis sont généralement plus réussis à long terme. Il peut y avoir de nombreuses raisons à cela - si cette recherche de haut niveau est exacte.

Grâce à notre expérience, nous avons constaté que les célibataires désireux de trouver un compagnon de vie recherchent souvent des valeurs et des attitudes qu'ils estiment ne pas pouvoir trouver chez eux. Ils sont frustrés par les opportunités et les options qui s'offrent à eux dans leur région immédiate. Malgré les défis apparents, ils se rendent compte qu'ils peuvent élargir leurs horizons romantiques (et devraient probablement le faire) pour rechercher dans le monde cette UNE personne spéciale qui est parfaite pour eux… pour toujours.

Un amour durable est possible. La chimie et la connexion que vous recherchez EST possible sans compromis. Peu importe ce dont vous débattez avec vous-même, le moment est venu, au moins, d'explorer votre opportunité. La déclaration que nous entendons le plus souvent de la part des clients qui ont fait appel à nos services est « Pourquoi n'ai-je pas fait cela il y a des années? »

Si ce n'est pas le bon moment - quand sera-t-il le bon? Pourquoi gaspiller potentiellement des années de votre vie parce que vous vous êtes défendu d'enquêter sur votre opportunité en ce moment parce que ce n'est pas encore le bon moment - ou vous êtes sceptique quant au processus de jumelage international sans au moins l'explorer. C'est le bon moment. Vous pourriez être agréablement surpris de voir à quel point le processus peut être facile, aventureux et abordable. En ce moment même, vous n'avez absolument rien à perdre.

Plus d'histoires de réussite à long terme que toute autre agence de jumelage - étrangère ou nationale! "Pourquoi ne l'ai-je pas fait il y a des années?"

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